The Pros

According to Jakob Nielsen’s Alertbox, interviews are most helpful when you want to “explore users’ general attitudes or how they think about a problem.”  Interviews help you get the big picture from your users and with this information you will be able to tell if there are any glaring problems with your interface design.  Interviews will also help you establish what your users think of the interface design in general, both their positive and negative attitudes.

One interviewing method that Nielsen asserts is quite helpful is the critical incident method.  This is an exploratory interview method which requires you to “ask users to recall specific instances in which they faced a particularly difficult case or when something worked particularly well.” Users often remember specifics, especially when something went well or something went very wrong. Posing users this question will allow you to gain some valuable information about the specifics of your user interface design, specifics which you can compare and contrast among the different users you are interviewing.

Search Engine Optimization can help improve the findability of your website

How you organize the structure of your website’s content as well as how you implement web standards and conventions is important for search engine optimization (SEO) because search engines can only react to standard representations. In addition, the organization of your interface design affects its SEO ranking. Considering that search engines are arguably the most commonly used online tool, a website’s search ranking can potentially make or break a website. Simply put, search engine optimization is the art of science of increasing traffic to a given website. This is done by optimizing structure, text content, photos and videos to increase a website’s visibility on search engines and other web 2.0 portals such as Facebook. Another way of doing this is through interface design whereby a website appears the same in different web browsers, and without errors. After all what good is it to create a wonderful interface design if it may appear broken to a significant number of users. Using a number of different portals to generate more inbound traffic from different sources also results in higher search engine rankings which begets more traffic. Other considerations of SEO, even though they don’t necessarily have much to do with interface design proper, include incorporating particular keywords and key phrases even and recoding a website to make it more crawl-able by search engines.

Usability tests can help determine the findability of your site content

As mentioned in part 1 of this blog, the best way to determine the findability of your interface design’s content is to conduct iterative usability testing. One usability method that is particularly helpful when evaluating and optimizing findability is tree testing. The information architecture of interface designs is in most cases organized in hierarchies. These are referred to as trees (with subsections “branching” out). Tree testing, also known as card-based classification or reverse card sorting, seeks to find out how well users are able to find information within a website’s hierarchy. Remember, tree testing differs from traditional usability testing in that it is not done on a wireframe prototype or the website itself but on using cards (or software) of a simplified text version of the site structure. A typical tree test is as follows:

1.    Users are given a “find it” task (e.g. look for the breakfast menu).
2.    Users are then shown a list of the top topics on the website (as they might appear in the main navigation)
3.    They choose one and then are shown a list of subtopics (such as in a sub-menu of a navigation)
4.    They continue choosing, backtracking if necessary, until they have found a topic that completes their task.
5.    The test conductor has the user repeat this process several times with several different tasks
6.    After several users have completed the tree test, the results are analyzed by the design and development team.

For the reasons mentioned above, findability should be an important consideration of every interface designer.

While it is no doubt an excellent idea to reinvigorate a user interface (especially when you make an images interface all about the images), the changes to Google Images are not necessarily new per se.  Google’s new interface design is strikingly similar to Bing.com’s Images user interface design—in fact it is almost uncanny.

Of course it would be unfair to call Google unoriginal in its interface design choices.  After all, it’s the details of an interface design that matter in the world of good usability.  In this case, Google seems to have picked up a good interface design idea and improved it through yet a more prominent display of the images through their larger size.  Everything that rises out of the creative world is influenced by what came before it.  Good ideas are infectious and if Google took a page from Bing’s website then that means they obviously liked what they saw.  That is the give and take in the world of interface design, painting, even literature.  Variations of what is working well for someone else.  Still, time will tell how well Google’s users respond to the new changes.  But for now, Google continues to surf the wave of internet success, being authentic in many instances, but also not afraid to concede and adopt good interface design solutions.

Users with a WizeHive account can now log in with their Google account. This enables them to access Google Docs from within WizeHive’s interface design and link the appropriate documents to specific workspaces. Data can also now be tagged thus adding to the usability of the software tool offering users a way of organizing information in way that is meaningful to them. In addition to these changes, WizeHive has released a free iPhone app that manages to cram as much of the functionality of the web-app into an interface design that fits the iPhone’s smaller screen real estate. Changes such as these further underscore WizeHive’s easy-to-use collaborative interface design concept and point into a future direction of pushing aspects like collaboration and mobility even further.

Overall, the interface design changes seem to have a positive effect on the usability of the application and they may be a good example for other tools to follow.

For Phil Gyford, this meant creating a website with a unique interface design that features nothing more than a page that starts with the leading article from the daily newspaper. The date features at the very top of the page. The main navigation options are clicking right and left (for next and previous article respectively) thus meaning that users have no option but to read articles in the order presented. Users can however jump between sections (namely the main section, sport, g2, and film & music) right from what the developer has tentatively called the “sparkline/scrubber” at the top of the interface design. This same area of the interface design also indicates in red the current page as well as article length for users to be aware of where they stand in reading the daily edition.

Further considerations of this interface design

The choice in interface design works with the developer’s intention to improve the readability of the news content as there is no other clutter (in the form of links to all sorts of other articles, adverts etc.) around the article, which means that users can fully focus on one article. This consideration is of particular interest as studies have shown reading speeds on digital displays to be up to 10% lower than for traditional print products. The clean interface design of the Guardian also adds to the finishability of a day’s worth of news, something very irksome to achieve going through a traditional news website’s every subsection. A feature that I feel could be added is a calendar that allows users to jump to a specific date (for those who missed reading yesterday’s newspaper for example).

Aside from the features of an app, the usability of its interface design is a key differentiating factor, and it should be considered as a unique selling proposition. There are numerous examples of products and software applications that have succeeded, not least due to their superior usability.

The poll numbers are also telling in terms of the potential mass user exodus. 60% of users only threaten to leave while 16% have actually left. This illustrates the fact that most people who are angry enough to leave have probably left already. This is not to say that people aren’t really mad—many, in fact, are livid. But the anger boiling in the blood of the 60% of users threatening to leave Facebook has actually led to a more positive Facebook evolution: in the past few weeks, Facebook has begun implementing changes to its security feature options in addition to simplifying its interface design. While the social networking site has a long way to go in terms of re-building client trust and respecting client privacy, the organization has proven that it is keen to take user experience feedback into account, even when it is apocalyptically critical. Because Facebook has allowed itself to succumb to self-reflexivity, their survival outlook remains good. For now.

Today’s web browsers, enabled by always-on internet and the cloud computing model, can be used as a conduit for all ranges of applications unthinkable when Mosaic, which would morph into Netscape Navigator, debuted. According to TheNextWeb article, the tide is starting to turn in favour of native apps again. Chief reason for this is the rise of smartphones and their respective app stores. To make his point the author uses the example of Twitter which is used 81.43% of the time through an app rather than the website.

Even on the desktop apps like Spotify, the music streaming app, eschew the web browser save to entice visitors to download it. However for every Spotify there are more, such as Grooveshark and Last.fm that deliver their services through their website. The web browser, reliable connection permitting of course, still holds a number of advantages. Web browsers are ubiquitous and come bundled with almost every computer regardless of operating system. The cloud also offers the advantage of availability. Sure, apps like Spotify and Steam, the video game delivery app, can be signed into from anywhere in the world but you have to go through the hurdle of downloading and installing them first!

According to the Nielsen Group’s iPhone usability studies, users prefer using dedicated apps than using a browser. From a usability and interface design perspective this is understandable due to the nature of small screens on smartphones whereby the interface design of mobile browsers is severely restricted by the size. This, of course, requires a rethink of interface design hence mobile optimized websites and apps.  On the desktop, meaning most computers, the browser remains king.

To be fair the thesis put forward by Boris and Adam Richardson does not try and play Nostradamus and predict the day when web browsers will become extinct but rather browsers will become more and more invisible, perhaps echoing Dan Norman’s seminal concept of The Invisible Computer. Nevertheless, with cloud computing conquering the business world, such as Salesforce’s CRM software, Google’s Docs office software, or Pidoco’s wireframe software, the web browser will for a long time still be very much in use, even if less visible.

Website building applications provide users the ability to construct a website using design ready tools. Users build websites using templates and function or feature options provided by the website building application. With website building applications users only need to select their templates, functions, and features, and then simply enter in content, be it words or the uploading of photos. Website building applications provide users with coded, finished programs that can be published. Often, these website builders are included with hosting packages or are readily available in different quality levels. Be careful, since they often differ by ease-of-use.

Website builders are targeted at private individuals and very small businesses wishing to quickly create a simple, cheap web presence. Website builders limit users to the particular design or layout templates available, and while it is easy and quick to publish a site, it often does not fulfil all needs or wishes of users looking for a more advanced, customized website with functions not provided “off the rack”.

Wireframing

Wireframing tools allow users to create low or high fidelity wireframe prototypes as visual guides that lay out the structure of a given website and the relationships between the interface design’s pages. Wireframes are not finished code, and so they are not suitable for immediate publishing as a website. But they give the user much more flexibility regarding the user interface design of his website in the works, going far beyond the options provided by website building applications. A wireframe is an outline of a website’s structure that allows users to explore the following relative to their future interface design:

•    ideation: the process of creating new ideas

•    conceptualization: the formation and interpretation of concepts

•    usability tests: the process whereby users and designers evaluate a given wireframe prototype

Since wireframing is a before programming process, its goal is to give designers the ability to evaluate the converging and diverging features of the prototype in order to submit an outline that will eventually become a successful and usable interface design. Wireframe prototypes are an ideal way to involve different stakeholders in the process of creating a website, and in combination with usability testing, they lead to better interface designs for applications that professionals rely on for their commercial purposes, such as e-commerce shops or other portals. Wireframes are not meant to represent or generate finished code, and exist mainly as a basis for exploration and improvement of a given interface design. The implementation has to be done separately.

Which method best suits your needs?

If you are building a website, the process you choose depends on what you want and need. If you are constructing a website for personal use, for example for birth or wedding announcements, then website building applications are appropriate because they are simple and do not require much effort on your part. Since such sites often contain only simple information (text, images, links), your personal needs can be fulfilled by website builders. As long as you are satisfied with using their standard templates. If you have a bigger, more professional project in mind, such as creating an interface design for a corporation or for eCommerce purposes, then using wireframing software will allow you to follow a design process that permits you to create highly individual, interactive website concepts and in the process optimize usability. For example, programs like the Pidoco rapid prototyping software give you the ability to create interactive, wireframe prototypes that can e used in usability tests within the same software and facilitate your capacity to discern the requirements and constraints of your future interface design as they relate to usability and user experience. In summary, choosing between wireframing and website building applications boils down to your personal needs vs. professional needs.

What is a design pattern?

Design patterns are a useful method for the interface design of websites and software programs. One of the hallmarks of humanity is the evolution of our empirical collective body of knowledge that succeeding generations have built upon to get us, a relatively feeble creature, to where we are today. Anyone wishing to start a fire to prepare a meal does not have to accidentally discover fire first! In the same vein design patterns are a collection of solutions to typical problems encountered during the interface design of web sites and software programs. Over time these interface design problems have been documented and paired with solutions to assist all interface designers be they a novice or a seasoned professional.

What are the advantages of design patterns in interface design?

One of the ways of ensuring good usability in interface design is to always adhere to usability standards. These standards have been tried, tested and proven to work. Design patterns are there to assist you in solving the common problems encountered during interface design, including usability issues, thus enabling you to optimize your time much like a shortcut takes you to your destination faster. Design patterns sum up best practices and can be thought of as a template or guide that interface designers can use as a direct solution or a starting point to fine tune their interface designs.  Design patterns are also useful because they function as a code or standard that can be used by software developers, interface designers and other stakeholders to communicate and collaborate more efficiently. Novices can become accustomed to them and rely on their proven success, while professionals can share and show their expertise. Design patterns are also continuously being updated, tested and improved upon by an ever growing community of information architects and interaction or interface designers.